Argument: Social, Political, and Economic Change

People, either individually or in groups, often choose a specific course of action. However, the question is how they decide on the arguments to support. Arguers usually get influenced by their environment and available resources, or their idea seems constrained by choice structure. Individuals typically make decisions by relying on a practical reason such that the beliefs in those arguments help arguers decide on the action to take. Alvarez (2018) illustrated that it is through sense individuals determine how they will act. An example of a practical reason is a political and social argument. The necessity of making tentative arguments that convince other people is evident in associations and social movements due to the need for justification. There is a need to expound on how ideas fundamentally impact the world beyond domestic spheres. Change can be attained with an ethical argument in place of the present experiences through the use of views such as the seven mountains of cultural influence, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, territories, and the Hegelian dialectic.

Argument and Rationality

The assumption of rationality presents the pursuit of personal interests, thus, of minimal importance on how actors use arguments to change the world or persuade others to act similarly. Consider structural theories of politics that posit the characteristics of the international system, explaining most outcomes regarding rationality. Likewise, constructivists who hold that rules regulate people’s behavior further imply that a rational core exists in international matters (Van et al., 2019). In another view, critical theoretical approaches to world economics and politics emphasize discourse and articulate a position for the argument (Ramage et al., 2018). For example, international relations and policymaking are characterized by socio-economic and political statements between governmental institutions and the public sphere. When foreign policy decision-makers decide to take action, they argue about the steps to handle due to conflicting and preexisting beliefs.

The correlation between argument and belief translates into social, political, and economic activity through argumentation. According to Perelman (2020), arguments are not solely rhetoric because of the impact of various discourses. The military fight for numerous causes, which applies to interstate conflict, whatever the reason. Soldiers display courage and heroism on the battlefield as they study other armies’ war tactics. Understanding their course of action demands knowledge of moral convictions and an emotional contest to argumentation. In this line, it is vital to enquire about the factors that shape people’s decision to choose a specific course of action. Thus, the dominant view is that arguments involve individuals and groups, gaining gain content embedded within cultures.

The Seven Mountains of Cultural Influence

The concept of the seven mountains of cultural influence shows how people engage in societal spheres and bring change to the community. It indicates that human society exists in forms of culture, including religion, the media, education, the arts, government, family, and business (Van et al., 2019). Each of the seven affects every facet of society and toward moral uprightness. Further, the call for every individual is to engage on the seven hills and uphold ethics in their argumentation (Van et al., 2019). Considering the realm of education, for example, high schools and universities, each learning institution’s curriculum can be challenged by other organizations, especially when the moral standings of education and modern society are questioned.

Different religious devotional institutions exist, such as Catholic churches, Judaism, evangelical churches, and other faiths. The existence depicts how religion is critical in promoting change, as each has unique beliefs. Most churches shift toward gospel prosperity and liberal theology. Also, churches are increasingly embracing progressive ideologies, including marriage and sexual orientation (Van et al., 2019). However, this has sparked debates across religions and societies, given the solid clerical movement in the contemporary world. The media further exacerbates these conversations by creating platforms for free dialogue between people and institutions but can distort the public’s perception of argumentation and change.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis posits that a person’s native language influences their thoughts, and as a consequence, different languages among speakers, thus, think differently. However, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is controversial for several theoretical and empirical reasons. Theoretically, it challenges the universal be


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